Introduction
In late October there seemed to be room for optimism that Europe was going to head off a worst case blow-up and that a “comprehensive” plan would be in place by the November G20 leaders’ forum. However, political blow-ups in Greece and Italy put paid to any respite. The G20 leaders’ forum came up with nothing, and Europe has yet to implement much of what it announced in late October. As a result, the European crisis continues to worsen, with investors now bailing out of core countries. What does it all mean for the global economy and risk assets?
Contagion on steroids
The past few weeks have seen the European crisis enter a more dangerous phase. It has moved beyond peripheral countries and now seriously affecting Italy and Spain, where bond yields are at levels that prompted bailouts in Ireland and Portugal. Furthermore it is now threatening France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria and Finland, and even Germany as indicated by a failed bund auction.
Italian and now Spanish bond yields at bailout levels, France catching up
The basic concern relates to high debt levels, but the weighted average 10-year bond yield in Europe is now 5.4%, versus a US 10-year bond yield of just 1.9%, despite the fact US public fi nances are comparably worse. The US 2011 budget defi cit and gross public debt are equal to 10% and 101% of GDP respectively, compared to 4% and 90% in the Eurozone. Clearly something else is at play. Speculative contagion working against non-German Eurozone bonds is a part of this. The unintended consequences of policy action are also playing a role:
- fi scal austerity, in the absence of monetary easing, is adding to the economic downturn, making investors sceptical that debt will be reduced;
by the US Fed under QE2.
Three scenarios for Europe
Leading indicators are pointing to recession in Europe. The
question is now how deep and fi nancially disruptive it will be.
Business conditions in Europe pointing to recession
Put simply, there are three possible scenarios for Europe.
- Muddle through: the cycle of ‘revolt, response, and respite’ continues to repeat, with periodic interventions that never go far enough but are enough to avoid a major blow-up. This is what Europe has been going through over the last 18 months, but it’s questionable it can continue this way with core countries now being affected.
- Blow-up: the crisis comes to a head with a deep recession – Eurozone GDP falling 5-10% in 2012 – and a fi nancial crisis rivalling the GFC. This would be bad for growth assets – shares, commodities, the Australian dollar (A$) and euro.
- Aggressive ECB monetisation: the ECB fi nally realises the crisis is threatening deep recession and price defl ation and so moves to undertake aggressive quantitative easing to push down bond yields and head off economic calamity. This would probably be too late to head off a mild recession, and there would still be a lot of mopping up to do, but it would at least head off the ‘blow-up’ scenario. This would be positive for growth assets, albeit with the usual bit of base building.
Ultimately, we think the ECB will capitulate and become the ‘lender of last resort’ but it may require more pain in markets beforehand. While we have been expecting a mild Eurozone recession, the risk of a blow-up and deep recession is rising as the crisis spreads into core countries, fi scal austerity intensifi es, economic confi dence continues to slide and social unrest increases. Even Germany appears headed for recession.
Europe and global growth
There are three channels by which the recession in Europe will affect the rest of the world, including Asia and Australia. These are via trade, the global fi nancial system and confi dence. The Eurozone absorbs around 25% of US exports, less than 20% of Chinese exports and less than 10% of Australian exports. Rough estimates suggest a 1% fall in Eurozone GDP would knock just 0.1% off US GDP, 0.4% off OECD growth (including the direct effect of the Eurozone contraction), 0.1% off Chinese growth and less than 0.1% off Australian growth via trade impacts alone.
If the Eurozone contracted 5% in a ‘Blow-up’ scenario, it would knock roughly 0.6% off US growth, 2% off OECD growth, 0.5% off Chinese growth and 0.4% off Australian growth.
- Eurozone banks appear to be selling bonds in order to meet heightened capital ratio requirements;
- the haircut on Greek debt has led to a reassessment of the risks of holding all Eurozone government bonds;
- talk of providing fi rst loss insurance on new bonds has reduced the value of existing bonds; and
- investors have realised credit default swap insurance on bonds may be of little value if it doesn’t pay out in response to ‘voluntary’ debt restructuring.
So the crisis has spread from smaller economies with Greece, Portugal and Ireland accounting for only 6% of Eurozone GDP and 8% of its debt, through to Italy and Spain (which account for 28% of its GDP and 32% of its debt), and now to France, which alone accounts for 20% of Eurozone GDP and its debt. Emerging pressure on German bund yields is particularly concerning. See the next table.
Eurozone debt and GDP compared
Much of the current turmoil could have been avoided if the ECB had acted earlier and erected a fi rewall around otherwise solvent countries such as Spain and Italy. This would have involved the ECB threatening to buy unlimited quantities of bonds in threatened countries in order to ward off speculative attacks on bond markets, and running much easier monetary policy (cutting interest rates to near zero and quantitative easing) to provide an offset to fi scal austerity. Despite suggestions to the contrary, there is no legal barrier to the ECB buying bonds or undertaking quantitative easing. The ECB Statute prevents it from buying bonds directly from governments, but there is nothing preventing it from buying them in the secondary market and it has already undertaken quantitative easing during the GFC. Rather, a desire to force economic reforms on troubled countries, avoid moral hazard, misplaced fears about infl ation and political squabbling have brought Europe and the world to a dangerous place. The ECB has been buying bonds, but only on a very limited basis. Since last May it has bought €195 billion (US$263 billion) worth of bonds but this has been sterilised by the sale of short-term debt and compares with a massive US$600 billion worth of debt purchases
However, these fi gures are likely to understate the impact. Firstly, European banks are shrinking their balance sheets in order to strengthen their capital ratios. A lot of this will come out of their foreign operations. The Bank Credit Analyst estimates that a 10% shrinkage of Eurozone banks’ US$25 trillion in loans could pull US$1.2 trillion of debt out of the global economy, equivalent to 2% of world GDP. Of course this doesn’t mean a 2% contraction in global GDP (as corporates can rely on record cash holdings) but the impact is still negative. While Asia and Latin America are self suffi cient in terms of funding (being net global creditors), they will still be affected as Eurozone banks play a big role in trade fi nance.
Secondly, the fi nancial effects of a major Eurozone bank failing, the impact on the cost of funding as credit markets tighten and the loss of wealth associated with share market falls, as well as a fall in the value of the euro, would have a dampening impact on global growth and Eurozone sourced profi ts.
Finally, there is the impact that the ongoing European debt crisis is having on consumer and business confi dence. Confi dence levels are clearly depressed globally, but so far there has been a mixed impact on actual spending – e.g. retail sales have held up in the US, but obviously the impact could rise if the European crisis continues to worsen.
Our overall assessment is a mild recession in Europe would dampen global growth but would not cause a global recession. But a ‘Blow-up’ scenario with a 5-10% Eurozone contraction and signifi cant fi nancial dislocation would threaten a return to global recession.
What about Australia?
While Australia has a small trade exposure to Europe, it’s still vulnerable via the impact on major trading partners in Asia and via fi nancial and confi dence linkages. While a mild recession in Europe would only have a minor impact on Australia and leave it on track for 3% or so growth next year, a deep Eurozone recession would be a big threat. That said, our assessment remains that Australia should be able to avoid a recession under this scenario given plenty of scope to cut interest rates and provide further fi scal stimulus. A lower A$ would provide a buffer, corporate
gearing is low, household saving is high and mining investment is likely to remain strong. In other words, 2012 growth would be confi ned to the 1-2% range, but should avoid recession.
So where does all this leave investors?
Unfortunately the outlook for investment markets remains uncertain in the short term. While there is great long-term value to be found in share markets – with Australian shares offering a higher cash fl ow than bank term deposits – further falls in the short term are likely. So for short-term investors it remains a time to stay cautious.
Watch the ECB – if it announces unlimited bond buying and quantitative easing it would be a very positive sign, particularly with shares cheap and most investors bearish.
Dr Shane Oliver
Head of Investment Strategy and Chief Economist
AMP Capital Investors
